PARTS OF SPEECH

I. NOUN: names or labels people, places, objects, ideas, emotions or activities.

A. Collective nouns

(team, jury, family, government) are usually treated as singular rather than plural if the emphasis is on the unit, not the individuals.

B.   Proper nouns are capitalized.

C. Gerunds

are "-ing" words that look like verbs but behave like nouns,                                               e.g. Studying is essential for success.

D. Nouns function several ways in a sentence:

1. Subject-Does the action (verb). eg. Julia kicked the ball.

2. Direct object-Receives the action (verb). eg. Julia kicked the ball.

       3. Indirect object-Receives the direct object eg. Julia kicked Flip the ball.

       4.Object of the preposition- Noun or pronoun following a preposition.                             eg. Julia kicked the ball to Flip

5. Predicate nominative-Means the same as the subject with a verb “to be”              separating them. eg. Dominique is a good runner.

6. Noun in apposition-Refers to the preceding noun. eg. Michael, the football            player, is fantastic.

II. ADJECTIVE: describes a noun or pronoun.

A. Numerical: one book, two students.

B. Qualitative: big, round, tall, red.

C.   Interrogative: which book? what ideas?

III.   ARTICLE

A. Definite: "the"

B.   Indefinite: "a, an"

IV. VERB: expresses action in relationship to the present, past, and future or the fact of being or existence.

A. Verbs can be regular (work, worked, worked) or irregular (go, went, gone).

B. Verbs are transitive (take a direct object), intransitive (do not take a direct                object) or both (e.g. The building burns. /I burned my hand.)

C. Verbs that combine with other verbs are called auxiliary verbs, have, be, and        modal's (may, can, should, etc.).

D. Features of verbs:

1. Tense time (past, present, future).

2. Aspect manner in which actions are experienced or regarded, such as             completed or in progress.

3. Mood   certainty, obligation, necessity, possibility.

4. Voice active (subject doing the action) or passive (subject receiving the action)       which describes the relationship of subject to the "action”.

V. ADVERB describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It cannot                            describe a noun or pronoun (unlike the adjective).

A. Most are formed by adding,-ly to the adjective form.  Some have no -ly ending:            very, often, quite, well

B. Adverbs express the following:

1. Where, when, or how an action occurred.                                                          e.g. Tomorrow, I will take my driver’s test.

2. To what extent a description is to be understood.

 e.g.. She wore an exceptionally beautiful dress.

VI.  PRONOUN replaces or refers to a noun.

Replaces: John gave a present to Mary                                                                              John gave it to her

Reference: Kim wanted a dinner that was healthy.                                                                  The cake, which Mary baked, was delicious.

A. Personal pronouns: me; you; he, him; she, her; they, them; we, us, it.

B. Indefinite pronouns (not as specific): someone, anyone, everybody, anybody,                    somebody, each, all, most, some, few, several, both, any, neither, either, one.

C. Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that.

D. Possessive pronouns: mine, hers, his, ours, theirs, yours, its.

E. Demonstrative pronouns: this/these, that/those.

F. Pronouns serve the same functions in a sentence as nouns.

VII. PREPOSITION: forms phrases with nouns, pronouns, and verbs They express                relationships, including place, time, instrument and cause.

A. Examples: in, at, on, over, above, beyond, between, among, out, of, with, to, under,        beneath, during, except, for, from, by, near, beside, along, through, around, about.

B. A preposition plus a noun (and accompanying modifiers) forms a prepositional        phrase, e.g.. in the boardroom, by the road, from my friend, between teachers.

C. Pronouns take the objective case when they follow a preposition: to him, with            hem, for us. e.g. Jesus died for you and me.

D. Nouns or pronouns in a prepositional phrase cannot serve as subjects:                    On Friday, some of the people in my school enjoy a visit to the local restaurant for mud          pie. The subject is some, not people or school.

VIII.  CONJUNCTION: joins words, groups of words, or whole sentences,                             connecting related ideas or elements.

A. Coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, yet, so, neither/nor, either/or.

B. Subordinating: because, since, after, if, although, when, unless, as, though, that.

C. Adverbial: however, therefore, moreover, consequently, thus, in fact.

IX. INTERJECTION: expressions such as oh, ah, ugh, phew.